Li Y, Scherer N, Felix L, Kuper H. Prevalence of depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder in health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2021;16(3):e0246454.
Google Scholar
Marvaldi M, Mallet J, Dubertret C, Moro MR, Guessoum SB. Anxiety, depression, trauma-related, and sleep disorders among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021;126:252–64.
Google Scholar
Huang J, Huang ZT, Sun XC, Chen TT, Wu XT. Mental health status and related factors influencing healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2024;19(1):e0289454.
Google Scholar
Tian H, Qiao T, Teng J, Kang C, Ke J, Shan L, et al. Factors associated with depression among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2023;53(14):6424–33.
Google Scholar
Th’ng F, Rao KA, Ge L, Neo HN, Molina JAD, Lim WY, et al. Longitudinal study comparing mental health outcomes in frontline emergency department healthcare workers through the different waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(24): 16878.
Google Scholar
İlhan B, Küpeli İ. Secondary traumatic stress, anxiety, and depression among emergency healthcare workers in the middle of the COVID-19 outbreak: a cross-sectional study. Am J Emerg Med. 2022;52:99–104.
Google Scholar
Paz DC, Bains MS, Zueger ML, Bandi VR, Kuo VY, Cook K, et al. COVID-19 and mental health: a systematic review of international medical student surveys. Front Psychol. 2022;13:1028559.
Google Scholar
Ciuluvica C, Gualdi G, Dal Canton M, Fantini F, Paradisi A, Sbano P, et al. Mental health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic Long-Term exposure in Italian dermatologists. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(21):11239.
Viejo Casas A, Gómez-Revuelta M, Merino Garay U, Ruiz Guerrero F, Ruiz Núñez M, Fernández Solla P, et al. Long-term mental health impact of COVID-19 on primary care health workers in Northern spain: results from a two-phase longitudinal study. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment. 2023;16:1–10.
Google Scholar
Yassin A, Al-Mistarehi AH, Soudah O, Karasneh R, Al-Azzam S, Qarqash AA, et al. Trends of Prevalence Estimates and Risk Factors of Depressive Symptoms among Healthcare Workers Over one Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2022;18:e174501792206160. https://doi.org/10.2174/17450179-v18-e2206160.
Rossi R, Socci V, Jannini TB, Pacitti F, Siracusano A, Rossi A, et al. Mental health outcomes among Italian health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(11):e2136143.
Google Scholar
Th’ng F, Rao KA, Ge L, Mao D, Neo HN, Molina JAD, et al. A one-year longitudinal study: changes in depression and anxiety in frontline emergency department healthcare workers in the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(21): 11228.
Google Scholar
Frajerman A, Deflesselle E, Colle R, Corruble E, Costemale-Lacoste JF. Burnout, anxiety, insomnia and depressive symptoms among French outpatient physicians in the second wave of COVID-19: Comparison between general practitioners and specialists. L’Encephale. 2024;50(2):192–9.
Google Scholar
Fond G, Fernandes S, Lucas G, Greenberg N, Boyer L. Depression in healthcare workers: results from the nationwide AMADEUS survey. Int J Nurs Stud. 2022;135: 104328.
Google Scholar
Guerrero Z, Aliev AA, Kondrátová L, Jozefiaková B, Nesázalová N, Saňáková JG, et al. Mental health and quality & safety of care in Czech residential institutions during the COVID-19 pandemic: a mixed-methods study. Psychiatr Q. 2021;92(4):1393–411.
Google Scholar
Bjørlykhaug KI, Karlsson B, Hesook SK, Kleppe LC. Social support and recovery from mental health problems: a scoping review. Nord Soc Work Res. 2022;12(5):666–97.
Hassan MF, Mohd Hassan N, Kassim E, Said Y. Financial wellbeing and mental health: A systematic review. Stud Appl Econ. 2021;39.
Lorant V, Deliège D, Eaton W, Robert A, Philippot P, Ansseau M. Socioeconomic inequalities in depression: a meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157(2):98–112.
Google Scholar
Yuan K, Zheng YB, Wang YJ, Sun YK, Gong YM, Huang YT, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis on prevalence of and risk factors associated with depression, anxiety and insomnia in infectious diseases, including COVID-19: a call to action. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27(8):3214–22.
Google Scholar
Gabarrell-Pascuet A, García-Mieres H, Giné-Vázquez I, Moneta MV, Koyanagi A, Haro JM, et al. The association of social support and loneliness with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress during the COVID-19 pandemic: a meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(4): 2765.
Google Scholar
European Commission. Eurostat. 2020 Impact of COVID-19 on employment income – advanced estimate. Accessed 11 Feb 2025.
Mroz TM, Dunlap BS, Frogner BK. Economic insecurity during the COVID-19 pandemic among healthcare workers by educational attainment. Health Aff Sch. 2024;2(12): qxae144.
Google Scholar
Holmes EA, O’Connor RC, Perry VH, Tracey I, Wessely S, Arseneault L, et al. Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(6):547–60.
Google Scholar
Bertuzzi L, El Aarbaoui T, Heron M, Gosselin A, Roy-de-Lachaise L, Fossi L, et al. Longitudinal survey on the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in healthcare workers (PsyCOVer) in France: study protocol. BMJ Open. 2022;12(1):e053009.
Google Scholar
Costemalle V, Gaini M, Hazo JB, Naouri D. En quatre vagues, l’épidémie de Covid-19 a causé 116 000 décès et lourdement affecté le système de soins. 2021 Edition. (Insee Références). Accessed 12 Feb 2024.
Vahia VN. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5: a quick glance. Indian J Psychiatry. 2013;55(3):220–3.
Google Scholar
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL. The PHQ-9: A new depression diagnostic and severity measure. Psychiatr Ann. 2002;32(9):509–15.
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The PHQ-9: Validity of a Brief Depression Severity Measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606–13.
Google Scholar
Costantini L, Pasquarella C, Odone A, Colucci ME, Costanza A, Serafini G, et al. Screening for depression in primary care with patient health questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9): a systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2021;279:473–83.
Google Scholar
Ashbaugh AR, Houle-Johnson S, Herbert C, El-Hage W, Brunet A. Psychometric validation of the English and French versions of the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). PLoS One. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161645.
Google Scholar
Weathers FW, Litz BT, Keane TM, Palmieri PA, Marx BP, Schnurr PP. The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). 2013. https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/adult-sr/ptsd-checklist.asp.
Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, Löwe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1092–7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092.
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Monahan PO, Löwe B. Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(5):317–25.
Google Scholar
Maslach C, Jackson SE, Leiter MP. Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual (3rd ed.). Palo Alto, CA, USA; 1996. 191–217 p. (Mountain View).
Faye Dumanget C, Le Borgne M, Carré J, Boudoukha A. Validation en français de l’échelle Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey (MBI-SS). 2015.
Maslach C, Jackson S, Leiter M. The Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual. In: Evaluating Stress: A Book of Resources. 1997. pp. 191–218.
Olivier Sautory. Calibration Techniques [Internet]. INSEE – Department of statistical methods; 2018. Accessed 16 Jan 2024.
INSEE. Enquête emploi en continu| Insee [Internet]. ADISP. 2023. Accessed 26 June 2023.
Rebecq A. Icarus: an R package for calibration in survey sampling. R package version 0.2.0. 2016. Accessed 26 June 2023.
INSEE. Personnels et équipements de santé – Tableaux de l’économie française [Internet]. Paris: Insee Références; 2020. p. 88–89. Accessed 21 Aug 2023.
van Buuren S, Groothuis-Oudshoorn K. Mice: multivariate imputation by chained equations in R. J Stat Softw. 2011;45:1–67. [cited 2023 May 15].
Lumley T. Analysis of complex survey samples. J Stat Softw. 2004;9(1):1–19.
Royston P. Approximating the Shapiro-Wilk W-test for non-normality. Stat Comput. 1992;2(3):117–9.
Espelt A, Marí-Dell’Olmo M, Penelo E, Bosque-Prous M. Applied prevalence ratio estimation with different regression models: an example from a cross-national study on substance use research. Adicciones. 2016;29(2):105–12.
Google Scholar
O’brien RM. A caution regarding rules of thumb for variance inflation factors. Qual Quant. 2007;41(5):673–90.
R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing, Vienna. Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2023. https://www.R-project.org/
d’Ussel M, Fels A, Durand X, Lemogne C, Chatellier G, Castreau N, et al. Factors associated with psychological symptoms in hospital workers of a French hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons from the first wave. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(4):e0267032. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9049512/.
Luo M, Guo L, Yu M, Jiang W, Wang H. The psychological and mental impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on medical staff and general public – a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2020;291:113190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113190.
Mediavilla R, Fernández-Jiménez E, Martinez-Morata I, Jaramillo F, Andreo-Jover J, Morán-Sánchez I, et al. Sustained negative mental health outcomes among healthcare workers over the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: a prospective cohort study. Int J Public Health. 2022;67:1604553.
Google Scholar
Umbetkulova S, Kanderzhanova A, Foster F, Stolyarova V, Cobb-Zygadlo D. Mental health changes in healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Eval Health Prof. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1177/01632787231165076.
Google Scholar
Lasalvia B, Amaddeo, Porru, Carta P, et al. The sustained psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health care workers one year after the Outbreak-A repeated Cross-Sectional survey in a tertiary hospital of North-East Italy. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(24):13374.
Google Scholar
Léon C, du Roscoät E, Beck F. Prévalence des épisodes dépressifs En France Chez les 18–85 ans: résultats du baromètre Santé 2021. Bull Épidémiologique Hebd. 2023;2:28–40.
World Health Organization, Mental Health. and COVID-19: Early evidence of the pandemic’s impact: Scientific brief, 2 March 2022. WHO; 2022. p. 13. (Mental Health and COVID-19: Scientific brief). Accessed 24 Apr 2023.
Curtin M, Richards HL, Fortune DG. Resilience among health care workers while working during a pandemic: a systematic review and meta synthesis of qualitative studies. Clin Psychol Rev. 2022;95:102173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102173.
Légifrance. Décret n° 2020– 711 [Internet]. 144 Jun 12. 2020. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000041990226.
World Health Organization. WHO. 2024. Mental health at work. Accessed 25 Apr 2023.
Grievink L, van der Velden PG, Yzermans CJ, Roorda J, Stellato RK. The importance of estimating selection bias on prevalence estimates shortly after a disaster. Ann Epidemiol. 2006;16(10):782–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2006.04.008.
Maunder R, Hunter J, Vincent L, Bennett J, Peladeau N, Leszcz M, et al. The immediate psychological and occupational impact of the 2003 SARS outbreak in a teaching hospital. CMAJ Can Med Assoc J J Assoc Medicale Can. 2003;168(10):1245–51.
Gonzalez A, Cervoni C, Lochner M, Marangio J, Stanley C, Marriott S. Supporting health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: mental health support initiatives and lessons learned from an academic medical center. Psychol Trauma Theory Res Pract Policy. 2020;12(S1):S168-70.
Aiello A, Khayeri MYE, Raja S, Peladeau N, Romano D, Leszcz M, et al. Resilience training for hospital workers in anticipation of an influenza pandemic. J Contin Educ Health Prof. 2011;31(1):15–20.
Google Scholar
Cheng W, Zhang F, Liu Z, Zhang H, Lyu Y, Xu H, et al. A psychological health support scheme for medical teams in COVID-19 outbreak and its effectiveness. Gen Psychiatry. 2020;33(5):e100288.
Mira JJ, Vicente MA, Lopez-Pineda A, Carrillo I, Guilabert M, Fernández C, et al. Preventing and addressing the stress reactions of health care workers caring for patients with COVID-19: development of a digital platform (Be + against COVID). JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2020;8(10):e21692.
Google Scholar
Donnelly PD, Davidson M, Dunlop N, McGale M, Milligan E, Worrall M, et al. Well-Being during coronavirus disease 2019: A PICU practical perspective. Pediatr Crit Care Med J Soc Crit Care Med World Fed Pediatr Intensive Crit Care Soc. 2020;21(8):e584–6.
link

More Stories
Reflections on mental health research in post-disaster settings
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Treatment Market to Reach $26.1
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | NAMI