WHO Director-General’s opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 – 11 March 2020 [press release]. 2020. Accessed 06 May 2024.
Welfare-Wilson A, Adley L, Bell Z, Luby R. COVID-19 and how the wearing of face coverings can affect those with an experience of trauma. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 2021;28(5):777–82.
Google Scholar
Bodner E, Bergman YS, Ben-David B, Palgi Y. Vaccination anxiety when vaccinations are available: the role of existential concerns. Stress Health. 2022;38(1):111–8.
Google Scholar
Bryant RA. Post-traumatic stress disorder: a state-of-the-art review of evidence and challenges. World Psychiatry. 2019;18(3):259–69.
Google Scholar
Van Ameringen M, Mancini C, Patterson B, Boyle MH. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Canada. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2008;14(3):171–81.
Google Scholar
Government of Canada. Posttraumatic stress disorder among adults in Canada. Government of Canada; 2024. Available from: Accessed 23 Jul 2024.
Ornell F, Halpern SC, Kessler FHP, Narvaez JCM. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of healthcare professionals. Cad Saude Publica. 2020;36(4):e00063520.
Google Scholar
Penninx BWJH, Benros ME, Klein RS, Vinkers CH. How COVID-19 shaped mental health: from infection to pandemic effects. Nat Med. 2022;28(10):2027–37.
Google Scholar
Cai Z, Cui Q, Liu Z, Li J, Gong X, Liu J, et al. Nurses endured high risks of psychological problems under the epidemic of COVID-19 in a longitudinal study in Wuhan China. J Psychiatr Res. 2020;131:132–7.
Google Scholar
Crowe S, Howard AF, Vanderspank-Wright B, Gillis P, McLeod F, Penner C, et al. The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of Canadian critical care nurses providing patient care during the early phase pandemic: a mixed method study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2021;63:102999.
Google Scholar
Davico C, Ghiggia A, Marcotulli D, Ricci F, Amianto F, Vitiello B. Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on adults and their children in Italy. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:572997.
Google Scholar
Kang L, Ma S, Chen M, Yang J, Wang Y, Li R, et al. Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: a cross-sectional study. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;87:11–7.
Google Scholar
Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N, et al. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(3):e203976.
Google Scholar
Magalhaes E, Stoner A, Palmer J, Schranze R, Grandy S, Amin S, et al. An assessment of mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Community Ment Health J. 2021;57(7):1267–77.
Google Scholar
Marcomini I, Agus C, Milani L, Sfogliarini R, Bona A, Castagna M. COVID-19 and post-traumatic stress disorder among nurses: a descriptive cross-sectional study in a COVID hospital. Med Lav. 2021;112(3):241–9.
Google Scholar
Weiss D, Marmar C. The Impact of Events Scale-Revised. In: Wilson J, Keane T, editors. Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD. New York, New York: Guiliford Press; 1996. p. 399–411.
Hong X, Cao J, Wei J, Duan Y, Zhao X, Jiang J, et al. Stress and psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on the healthcare staff at the fever clinic of a tertiary general hospital in Beijing: a cross-sectional study. BJPsych Open. 2021;7(3):e76.
Google Scholar
Horowitz M, Wilner N, Alvarez W. Impact of Events Scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosom Med. 1979;41(3):209–18.
Google Scholar
Government of Canada. Summary of evidence supporting COVID-19 public health measures. Government of Canada; 2023. [updated 27 Jan 2023]. Available from: Accessed 23 Jul 2023.
Akanteva A, Dick DW, Amiraslani S, Heffernan JM. Canadian Covid-19 pandemic public health mitigation measures at the province level. Sci Data. 2023;10(1):882-.
Google Scholar
Zou G. A modified Poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159(7):702–6.
Google Scholar
Vittinghoff E, Glidden DV, Shiboski SC, McCulloch CE. Regression methods in biostatistics: linear, logistic, survival, and repeated measures models. 1st ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2007.
Government of Canada. FAQ: COVID-19 vaccine. 2022. [updated 09 Dec 2022]. Available from: Accessed 08 Aug 2024.
Maunder R. The experience of the 2003 SARS outbreak as a traumatic stress among frontline healthcare workers in Toronto: lessons learned. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2004;359(1447):1117–25.
Google Scholar
Crowe S, Fuchsia Howard A, Vanderspank B. The mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Canadian critical care nurses. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2022;71:103241-.
Gorini A, Giuliani M, Fiabane E, Bonomi A, Gabanelli P, Pierobon A, et al. Prevalence of psychopathological symptoms and their determinants in four healthcare workers’ categories during the second year of COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(20):13712.
Google Scholar
Honarmand K, Yarnell CJ, Young-Ritchie C, Maunder R, Priestap F, Abdalla M, et al. Personal, professional, and psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospital workers: a cross-sectional survey. PLoS One. 2022;17(2):e0263438.
Google Scholar
Fattori A, Comotti A, Mazzaracca S, Consonni D, Bordini L, Colombo E, et al. Long-term trajectory and risk factors of healthcare workers’ mental health during COVID-19 pandemic: a 24 month longitudinal cohort study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(5):4586.
Google Scholar
Th’ng F, Rao KA, Ge L, Neo HN, Molina JAD, Lim WY, et al. Longitudinal study comparing mental health outcomes in frontline emergency department healthcare workers through the different waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(24):16878.
Google Scholar
Statistics Canada. Health care workers’ stress, alcohol consumption and positive health behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2024. [updated 15 Apr 2024]. Available from: Accessed 24 Apr 2024.
Government of Canada. Cycle 2: Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Government of Canada; 2022. [updated 19 Oct 2022]. Available from: Accessed 07 May 2024.
Mundt JC, Marks IM, Shear MK, Greist JH. The Work and Social Adjustment Scale: a simple measure of impairment in functioning. Br J Psychiatry. 2002;180:461–4.
Google Scholar
Carmassi C, Pedrinelli V, Dell’Oste V, Bertelloni CA, Grossi C, Gesi C, et al. PTSD and depression in healthcare workers in the Italian epicenter of the COVID-19 outbreak. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 2021;17(1):242–52.
Google Scholar
Callus E, Bassola B, Fiolo V, Bertoldo EG, Pagliuca S, Lusignani M. Stress reduction techniques for health care providers dealing with severe Coronavirus infections (SARS, MERS, and COVID-19): a rapid review. Front Psychol. 2020;11:589698-.
Google Scholar
Qi G, Yuan P, Qi M, Hu X, Shi S, Shi X. Influencing factors of high PTSD among medical staff during COVID-19: evidences from both meta-analysis and subgroup analysis. Saf Health Work. 2022;13(3):269–78.
Google Scholar
Lee S, Kim HR, Kim B. The impact of fear of COVID-19 on the impact of event and indirect trauma. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2022;41:306–11.
Google Scholar
Plomecka M, Gobbi S, Neckels R, Radzinski P, Skorko B, Lazzeri S, et al. Factors associated with psychological disturbances during the COVID-19 pandemic: multicountry online study. JMIR Ment Health. 2021;8(8):e28736-e.
Google Scholar
link
More Stories
Exploring healthcare workers’ perceptions and experiences regarding post-traumatic stress disorder after 2 years of the last global pandemic | BMC Health Services Research
Understanding Medical PTSD | Psychology Today Canada
Refugee and migrant mental health